THE MAPPING OF MARS.

ERICHSEN, JON.

1728-87. Född på Skålafell, död i Köpenhamn.
Isländsk-dansk ämbetsman. Studerade i Trondheim 1748 och tog en juridisk examen 1758. Följande år blev han professor i juridik vid Sorö Akademi, 1779 assessor i 'Höjesteret' och 1781 bibliotekare vid 'Det Konglige Bibliotek' i Köpenhamn. Under årens lopp hade han många offentliga förtroendeuppdrag, bl.a. som direktör i handeln med Island, Grönland och Finnmarkerna. Han hade titeln konferensråd och var medlem i ett flertal lärda sällskap i Danmark, Norge och på Island.

Ehrencron.

HASE [HASIUS, HASIUES, HAAS, HAASE, HASIO], JOHANN MATTHIAS [JOHANNES].

14 januari 1684 - 24 september 1742.
Tysk matematiker och geograf. Född och död i Augsburg (enligt vissa källor i Wittenberg). Studerade teologi och matematik, och fick 1707 en magistersgrad vid universitetet i Leipzig. 1720 professor i matematik i Wittenberg. Förutom matematik och astronomi kom han där att ägna sig mycket åt historisk geografi och kartografi. Bland hans större arbeten kan nämnas 'Historiae universalis politicae idea plane, etc.' (1742). Efter hans död utkom 'Atlas historicus comprehendens imperia maxima seu monarchias orbis antiqui' (1746-50). Hasius ritade också en rad aktuella kartor varav de enkla specialkartorna över tyska provinser räknas bland de bästa inom sitt fack under 1700-talet. Verksamheten bidrog mycket till att frigöra tysk kartografi från främmande inflytande. (Allg. d. Biogr.)
Hase gjorde flertalet kartor som gavs ut av Homans arvingar.

Als Sohn eines Lehrers der Mathematik lernte Hase zunächst an seinem Geburtsort am St.-Anna-Gymnasium und wurde schon früh von seinem Vater für die Mathematik begeiste...
Bland arbeten.
* Specimen algebrae ad artem fortificatoriam applicatae. Magisterarbeit, Leipzig 1707
* Sciagraphia integri tractatus de constructione mapparum omnis generis, geographicarum, hydrographicarum et astronomicarum et in specie de projectionibus sphaerarum imprimis stereographica. Leipzig 1717
* Dissertatio physico-mathematica de tubis stentoreis, in qua de figura & constructione exponitur earum et auctorum qui de eis egerunt, sententiae explicantur ac momento suo ponderantur. Leipzig 1719
* Dissertatio De Tubis Stentoreis, Earumqve Forma Et Structura, Fundamenta Ejus Praxeos Exhibens / Qvam D.F.G. Pro Loco In Fac. Phil. Lips. Obtinendo Postrema Vice Disputaturus Ad Diem XVIII. Mart. MDCCXIX. Leipzig 1719
* Pithometriae sive doliorum mensurae theoria nova algebrae ope eruta et perfecta. 2 Bände Wittenberg 1723
* Dissertatio academica de nihilo mathematico et formulis affinibus harumque in specie illis, quibus nihilo minores quantitates exprimuntur. Wittenberg 1727
* Dissertatio Mathematica De Pulchritudine Architectonica Prior. Wittenberg 1727
* Phosphorus historiarum, vel prodromus theatri summorum imperiorum : hoc est, historiae politicae universalis partis potioris et principalis, sistens recensionem, catalogos, vel si mavis, sciagraptiam, aut tabulas principum vel imperantium in illis imperiis, etiamque ... quis eisdem connexis, una cum enumeratione ditionum geographica. Leipzig 1728
* Laudatio funebris ..., Leichenrede auf Christiane Eberhardine von Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Wittenberg 1728
* De Quantitatis Et Unitatis Arithmeticae Vera Notione. Wittenberg 1732
* Disputatio Mathematica In Qua Doctrinam De Effectu Lentium Simplicium Tam Extra Oculum Quam In Oculo Ope Algebrae Expeditiorem Redditam Sub Praesidio ... Wittenberg 1735
* Africa Secundum legitimas Projectionis Stereographicae regulas et juxta recentissimas relationes et observationes in subsidium vocatis quoquo veterum Leonis Africani Nubiensis Geographi et aliorum monumentis et eliminatis fabulosis aliorum desiganationibus pro praesenti statu ejus aptius exhibita; Cum Privil. S. C. M. nec non S. R. M. Polon. et Elect. Sax. Nürnberg 1737
* Regni Davidici et Salomonaei descriptio geographica et historica. Nürnberg 1739
* Phosphorus Historiarum vel Prodromus theatri summorum imperiorum. Leipzig 1742
* De Magnitudine Comparata Et Determinata Urbium : Quae Propter Ipsam Mangnitudinem Celebres Habentur Potissimum In Antiquitate ... Consideratione Quorundam Operum Veterum Ex Magnificentissimis. 1739
* Evropa : in partes suas X Methodicas a primariis regnis denominata secundum divisa fidem recentissimarum observationum Mathematicarum et Historicarum , et exhibita secundum legitimas projectionis Stereographis leges = L'Evrope Divise'e en ses X Principales Parties, Cum Priv. Sac. Caes. Majest. Grat. / a Ioh. Matth. Hasio, I. M. Seeligmann sc. Nor., sculp., I. C. Reinsperger sculpsit. Nürnberg 1743
* Circvli Sveviae Mappa = Le Cercle de Svabe / ex subsidijs Michalianis delineata & a D.no I. M. Hasio M. P. P. quo ad accuratam singulorum Statuum determinationem emendata & ad L L. magis legitimae project reducta. Opus summi Geographi posthumum, & adjuncta Tabula explanatoria editum opera Homannianorum Heredum. Nürnberg 1743
* Karte von dem russischen Reich und der grossen so wohl als kleinen crimischen Tartarey : nebst dem Entwurff einer Erklärung darüber abgefasset und der unüberwindlichsten und großmächtigsten Kaiserin Anna decidirt Nürnberg 1738 „Historiae universalis politicae idea”. Nürnberg 1743, Nachdruck Stuttgart 1976
* Planiglobii terrestris mappa universalis. 1746
* Dvcatvs Silesiae Tabvla Altera Svperiorem Silesiam = La Haute Silesie, qui comprend les Principautes de Neise, de Munsterberg, de Iaegerndorf, de Troppau, d' Oppeln, de Ratibor, de Teschen; Cum Priv. Sac. Cæs. Maj. / exhibens ex mappa Hasiana majore desumta & excusa per Homannianos Heredes. Nürnberg 1746
* Circuli Sueviae 1748 Nachdruck Stuttgart 1989
* Dvcatvs Silesiae Tabvla Geographica Prima Inferiorem Eivs Partem, seu Novem Principatvs, quorum insignia hic adjecta sunt, secundum statum recentissimium complectens = La Basse Silesiae qui comprend les Principautes de Schweidnitz, de Iaer, de Glogau, de Breslau, die Liegnitz, de Brieg, de Wolau, de Oels & de Sagan / Ad mentem Hasiani avtographi majoris legitime delineata et edita curis Homann. Heredum. Nürnberg nach 1750
* Descriptio geographico-historica regni Davidici et Salomonei cum delineatione Syriae et Aegypti : juncta est urbium maximarum veterum et recentiorum comparatio, multis mappis geographicis et ichnographicis adornata Nürnberg 1754

HÄLLSTRÖM, CARL PETER.

1774-1836.
Svensk kartograf.
'Föddes i Ilmola socken af Wasa län i Finland, d. 27 Febr. 1774. Fadern, Carl H., var der då Pastors-Adjunct, men blef sedan Comminister. Modern var Anna Rein. Student i Åbo 1792, Phil. Mag. 1795, undergick derefter examen i Lagfarenheten och ingick i Bergs-Collegium, der han 1796 blef Auscultant och året derpå Geschworner. Förflyttades 1801 såsom Ingenieur till Landtmäteri-Contoiret; 1802 Premier Ingenieur, några år derefter Capitaine vid Sjömätningscorpsen samt 1809 Förman för Sjö-chart-archivet. Under tiden Ledamot i K. Strömrensningscomitéen, i hvilken egenskap han utförde många gagneliga förrättningar. När denna indrogs, blef H. 1827 Chef för Norra Canaldistrictet, samt 1830 Contoirschef för Expeditionerna. Sedan 1810 Major vid flottan, erhöll han 1826 Öfverste-Lieut:s n. h. o. v. R. W. O. 1818. Ledamot af K. Vet.-Akad. 1804, af K. Landtbr.-Akad. 1812, samt Förvaltare i Räkenskapsafdeln., af K. Krigs-Vet.-Akad. (der i flere år föredragande i Sjö-krigsvetenskapen), samt af K. Patrioti...

Biographi öfver C. P. Hällström i Vet.-Akad.Handl. 1838.Biografiskt lexikon öfver Namnkunnige Svenske Män. 1876.Ytterligare upplysningar finnes i "Svenska män och kvinnor". 1946. Band G-H s. 595-596.

Gulddistriktet Klondike - ca 1897.

Umeå - Stockholm 1921.

"The Mapping of Mars."

by Peter J. K. Louwman.
Amateur astronomer, Louwman Collection of Historic Telescopes, Wassenaar, The Netherlands.

The most familiar type of globe is the terrestrial one. Also familiar, but less common is the celestial. For a true globe collector it is most desirable, of course, to own a pair of these globes, identical in size, by the same maker. For me, as an enthusiastic amateur astronomer, two even rarer types of globe have always attracted me: globes of the Moon and of Mars. Technically, these globes share many details with the terrestrial globe, but they offer some curious differences worth looking at.
A Moon globe that was published before the time of the “Space Age”, for instance, shows us surface details as seen with the help of a telescope, of only one half of the Moon. The other half was blank, because no surface details could be observed. This is due to the fact that the Moon, during its revolution around the Earth in one month, always presents the same side of its surface towards the Earth.
When the first spacecrafts made the voyages to, and later travelled around the Moon, the features of the hidden side could be charted. The first pictures of that part of the surface were successfully made by the Russian “Luna 3” in October 1959. This led to the production of Moon globes with all details of the entire surface by publishers in the U.S.A., Russia and elsewhere. Ever since the discovery of the telescope, the surface of the planet Mars has been observed intensively. At first, only crude sketches of surface detail were all that could be achieved. Later on, with better telescopes and observing techniques, more and more details could be charted. Unlike the Moon, Mars rotated in about 24 ½ hours and thus gradually presents its entire surface towards the Earth. Observations made at intervals enables astronomers to compile maps of the whole surface. Consequently, it was possible to convert the surface details of the two-dimensional maps onto the three-dimensional surface of a sphere to create a Mars globe.
A further important difference between the Moon and Mars is that where the surface characteristics of the Moon are permanent, those of Mars change with time. The reason for this difference lies in the fact that Mars has an atmosphere and the Moon does not. Winds and dust storms on Mars constantly change the appearance of certain parts of its surface. Well-known temporary changes occur at the with-capped North and South poles, which change dramatically in size during the cycle of seasons of approximately 687 days. The polar caps consist of water ice and carbon dioxide. In the summer season of the northern hemisphere for instance, the cap on the North Pole shrinks to a very small area, while that of the South Pole increases. These changes are due to the evaporation and sublimation of carbon dioxide in particular. On modern Mars globes the polar caps are illustrated at their minimum size so that no surface features are hidden under the caps.
To modern astronomers , familiar only with the beautifully illustrated Mars maps compiled from the information gathered by Mars space missions, it might come as an unexpected, perhaps even annoying, surprise that old maps and globes show the North Pole at the bottom and the South Pole at the top. The explanation for this representation lies in the fact that astronomical telescopes give an inverted image: “up” and “down” are viewed as “down” and “up”.
As a matter of fact all old astronomical books, maps and journal publication (until around 1960, but in some cases after that year also) always illustrate pictures of heavenly bodies upside-down. This is also the case with drawings, maps and photographs of stellar objects like stars and nebulae. Why bother to turn it around, astronomers reason, when the inverted image is the way one actually sees and observes it through a telescope? To me, a Mars globe with the traditional astronomical orientation is very appealing. Recently, I was lucky enough to acquire one; this globe is a product of a tremendously interesting period in Mars research and I was very glad to add it to my private collection of astronomical objects of historical significance and cultural importance.
This Mars globe was made by Ingeborg Brun of Norway in about 1920. For the making of it, she used information that is entirely based on the work of the famous American astronomer Percival Lowell. Lowell built his observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1895 and devoted much of his time and money to observing Mars and doing research on its canals, which were at that time very popular with the general public. Unfortunately, Lowell’s world-famous observations of the canals and of the supposedly seasonal growth of vegetation along them eventually proved to be caused by optical illusions. On modern pictures obtained by space probes, nothing resembling “canals” has ever been found, nor any clues to water on the planet’s surface. Nor have the Mars landers found any additional clues.
Nevertheless, the research of Lowell and others, undertaken some 100 years ago now, belongs to a short but very fascinating period in astronomical research.
Gazing at my wonderfully detailed and exquisite Lowell Mars glob continues to impress me and helps me to understand this fascinating period of astronomy and globe it produced.

Christie’s, London. Fine Globes and Planetaria, Tuesday 5 November 2002.