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Biografier.

ARIAS, MONTANUS BENEDICTUS.

1527-98. Född i Fregenal de la Sierra, död i Sevilla.
Spansk teolog. Arias studerade teologi och klassiska språk i Alcala, där han doktorerade i teologi. Han reste mycket i Europa och deltog bl.a. i kyrkomötet i Trient. Från 1568 bodde han i Antwerpen där han på kung Filip II:s befallning förestod utgivningen av den kungliga polyglottbibeln i 8 band (tryckt av Christopher Plantin 1569-72). Bandet med kommentarer, 'Apparatus Biblicus', innehåller flera kartor som belyser bibelhistorien. Arias gav även ut en rad andra teologiska skrifter, de flesta bibelkommentarer.
Bland arbeten.
Apparatus Biblicus.


Th. und K.

GRIMMEL, JOHANN ELIAS.

1703-1759. Född i Memmingen, Bayern.
Målare, gravör och konstruktionsritare. Anlände till St Petersburg 1741 tillsammans med gravören Johann Stenglein. Grimmel medverkade bl.a. i utgivningen av en 'Atlas Russicus' 1745 (Inte d'Isles atlas som kom samma år med samma namn.), samt gav även ut ett arbete i fyra blad 'Ladoga-kanal' 1741-42.
En av Grimmels elever vid vetenskapsakademin var Mikhail Makhayev.
Matthaeus Seutter gjorde kopior på vissa av Grimmels kartor så tidigt som under 1740-talet, bland annat 'Ingria et Carelia' samt 'Teshenije Nevy reky...'.
Bland arbeten.
Finskoj zaliv ot Kronshtata do Sanktpeterburga... = Der Sinus Finnicus von Cronstad bis St.Petersbürg benebst den aug seinen Kusten befindlichen Lusthöfen [engraved map] / J. Grimmel del. [St. Petersburg, c.1742].
Karta Ingermanlandii i Karelii. [The Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg]; Grimel del. - [St. Petersburg, c.1742].
Ladozhkoj kanal. Canalis Ladogensis [engraved map] / J. Grimmel del. [St. Petersburg, c.1742].
Ladozhskoe Ozero i Finskii zaliv s prilezhashchimi mestami. Lacus Ladoga et sinus Finnicus. [The Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg]; J. Grimel del. [St. Petersburg, c.1742].
Magnus Ducatus Finlandiae. [The Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg]; Grimel del. - [St. Petersburg, c.1743].
Techenije Nevy reky iz Ladozhgago ozera k St.Peterburgu = Fluwius Newa... [engraved map] / J: Grimmel del. - [St. Petersburg, c.1741-42].

TINDAL, NICHOLAS.

1685-1774.
English translator, historian and publisher. Published various map books, among them the fifteen volumes of Tindal's Continuation of Mr Rapin 's History of England


Sveriges sjökartor – A. Hedin.


Amiral Häggs flaggkarta. - Stockholm 1888.


Åmöga, Ranunculus lingua - Lindman, C. A. M, Bilder ur Nordens Flora 1917-26.

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NICOLAUS GERMANUS.

Often called 'Donis' from a misapprehension of the title 'Donnus' or 'Donus' an abbreviated form of 'Dominus.
A fifteenth-century cartographer, place of birth, and date of birth and death unknown. The first allusion to him of authentic date is an injunction of Duke Borso d'Este (15 March, 1466) to his referendary and privy counselor, Ludovico Casella, at Ferrara, to have the 'Cosmographia of Don Nicolò' thoroughly examined and then to determine a recompense for it. The duke, on the thirtieth of the same month, called upon his treasurers for 100 florins in gold 'to remit as a mark of his appreciation to Donnus Nicolaus Germanus for his excellent book entitled 'Cosmographia''. On 8 April, 1466, the duke again drew thirty golden florins to present to the Rev. Nicolaus, who 'in addition to that excellent Cosmography' (ultra illud excellens Cosmographie opus) had dedicated to the duke a calendar made to cover many years to come ('librum tacuini multorum annorum'). The 'Cosmographia' as preserved in the Bibliotheca Estensis at Modena comprises a Latin translation of the Geography of Ptolemy with maps. The version of the geographical text is substantially the same as that dedicated in 1410 to Pope Alexander V by Jacopo Angelo, a Florentine. In the execution of the maps, however, Nicolaus, instead of adhering to the flat projection of Ptolemy, chose what is known as the 'Donis-projection', because first worked out by him, in which the parallels of latitude are equi- distant, but the meridians are made to converge towards the pole. He likewise introduced new modes in delineating the outlines of countries and oceans, mountains and lakes, as well as in the choice of cartographic proportions. He reduced the awkward size to one which was convenient for use; the obscure and often unattractive mode of presentation he replaced by one both tasteful and easily intelligible; he endeavored to revise obsolete maps in accordance with later information and to supplement them with new maps. While his first recension embraced only the twenty-seven maps of Ptolemy (one map of the world, ten special maps of Europe, four of Africa, twelve of Asia), the second comprised thirty (including in addition modern maps of Spain, Italy, and the Northern countries: Sweden, Norway, and Greenland). The last-named enlarged recension he dedicated as priest to Pope Paul II (1464-71). He dedicated to the same pontiff his third recension, containing thirty-two maps, adding modern maps of France and the Holy Land. The works of the German cartographer were of great value in diffusing the knowledges of Ptolemy's Geography. The first recension, probably the very copy in the Lenox Library (New York), is the basis of the Roman editions of Ptolemy bearing the dates 1478, 1490, and 1507; on the third, certainly the copy preserved in Wolfegg Castle, are based the Ulm editions of 1482 and 1486. By combining the Roman and Ulm editions Waldseemüller produced the maps of Ptolemy in the Strasburg edition of 1513, which was frequently copied. The modern map of the Northern countries, made by Claudius Clavus, which Nicolaus embodied in his second recension of Ptolemy, was perhaps the source of the Zeni map which had such far-reaching influence, and likewise of the maritime charts of the Canerio and Cantino type. The revised map of the Northern countries in the third recension of Nicolaus, which placed Greenland north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, was a powerful factor in cartography for a century, especially as Waldseemuller gave the preference to this representation in his world and wall map of 1507, 'the baptismal certificate of America'. Because of these and other services to geography and cartography, as for example, by the revision of Buondelmonte's 'Insularium', it would be desirable to have it established whether Nicolaus was really, as I conjecture, a Benedictine father of the Badia at Florence.
(FISCHER, Nicolaus Germanus in Entdeckungen der Normannen in Amerika (Freiburg, 1902), 75-90, 113 sqq. (Eng. tr., London, 1903), 72-86, 108 sqq.)

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