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Biografier.

MAGNUS, OLAUS.

1490-1557. Född i Linköping, död i Rom.
Svensk präst och författare. Under åren 1510-17 studerade han vid tyska universitet och fick en magistergrad. Han innehade senare ett antal olika teologiska ställningar i Sverige och blev även nyttjad som diplomat av Gustav Vasa. Vid Sveriges övergång till protestantismen blev han avsatt från sitt ämbete och tvingades i landsflykt. Då brodern Johannes Magnus 1545 dog fick Olaus Magnus titeln ärkebiskop över Sverige. Från 1545 var han svensk delegat vid kyrkomötet i Trient och arbetade ihärdigt för att få den katolska kyrkan upprättad i Norden. Studier av Nordens historia upptog hans tid under ett antal år. 1539 gav han ut sin stora karta 'Carta Marina' som innebar en väsentlig förbättring av kartbilden över de skandinaviska länderna och 1555 fullföljde han sitt främsta verk 'Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus'. Verket vann stor popularitet och utkom senare i en rad utgåvor på flera olika språk. Bokens rika illustrationer gör att den idag är en ovärderlig källa till 1500-talets kulturhistoria. Olaus Magnus...
Bland arbeten.
Carta Marina.


Sveriges sjökartor – A. Hedin.

GILLBERG, JOHAN LORENS.

Född 1727 22/6 på Västervik i Varnums sn (Värml), död 1793 26/12 i Vadstena.
Lantmätare, kartograf och kopparstickare. Ingenjör. Broder till Jacob Gillberg. Student vid Uppsala universitet 1748. Volontär vid Fortifikationen 1749. Avlade lantmäteriexamen. 1754, kommissionslantmätare 1757. Postmästare i Vadstena 1785-90


Bland arbeten.
J. L. GILLBERG, Historisk, oeconomisk och geographisk beskrifning öfwer Malmö hus lähn, Lund 1765: karta över Malmöhus hövdingedöme.
DENS., Historisk, oeconomisk och geographisfc beskrifning öfver Christianstads län, Lund 1767: karta över Kristianstads hövdingedöme.
Karta över Gästrikland och Hälsingland, efter O. Insulander 1789.


Hultmark, 1944.

CRONSTEDT, CARL OLOF.

1756-1820.
King Gustav III's flag captain in a battle at Svensksund. Appointed state secretary for maritime affairs, later adjutant-general for the fleets. Fell out of favour and was demoted in 1801. When commandant of Sveaborg fortress in Helsinki in 1808, he ignominiously capitulated to the Russians.


Sveriges sjökartor – A. Hedin.


Stockholm - Mentzer ca 1860.


'Östersjön. Arkö - Stora Ålö.' - Stockholm 1936.

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NICOLAUS GERMANUS.

Often called 'Donis' from a misapprehension of the title 'Donnus' or 'Donus' an abbreviated form of 'Dominus.
A fifteenth-century cartographer, place of birth, and date of birth and death unknown. The first allusion to him of authentic date is an injunction of Duke Borso d'Este (15 March, 1466) to his referendary and privy counselor, Ludovico Casella, at Ferrara, to have the 'Cosmographia of Don Nicolò' thoroughly examined and then to determine a recompense for it. The duke, on the thirtieth of the same month, called upon his treasurers for 100 florins in gold 'to remit as a mark of his appreciation to Donnus Nicolaus Germanus for his excellent book entitled 'Cosmographia''. On 8 April, 1466, the duke again drew thirty golden florins to present to the Rev. Nicolaus, who 'in addition to that excellent Cosmography' (ultra illud excellens Cosmographie opus) had dedicated to the duke a calendar made to cover many years to come ('librum tacuini multorum annorum'). The 'Cosmographia' as preserved in the Bibliotheca Estensis at Modena comprises a Latin translation of the Geography of Ptolemy with maps. The version of the geographical text is substantially the same as that dedicated in 1410 to Pope Alexander V by Jacopo Angelo, a Florentine. In the execution of the maps, however, Nicolaus, instead of adhering to the flat projection of Ptolemy, chose what is known as the 'Donis-projection', because first worked out by him, in which the parallels of latitude are equi- distant, but the meridians are made to converge towards the pole. He likewise introduced new modes in delineating the outlines of countries and oceans, mountains and lakes, as well as in the choice of cartographic proportions. He reduced the awkward size to one which was convenient for use; the obscure and often unattractive mode of presentation he replaced by one both tasteful and easily intelligible; he endeavored to revise obsolete maps in accordance with later information and to supplement them with new maps. While his first recension embraced only the twenty-seven maps of Ptolemy (one map of the world, ten special maps of Europe, four of Africa, twelve of Asia), the second comprised thirty (including in addition modern maps of Spain, Italy, and the Northern countries: Sweden, Norway, and Greenland). The last-named enlarged recension he dedicated as priest to Pope Paul II (1464-71). He dedicated to the same pontiff his third recension, containing thirty-two maps, adding modern maps of France and the Holy Land. The works of the German cartographer were of great value in diffusing the knowledges of Ptolemy's Geography. The first recension, probably the very copy in the Lenox Library (New York), is the basis of the Roman editions of Ptolemy bearing the dates 1478, 1490, and 1507; on the third, certainly the copy preserved in Wolfegg Castle, are based the Ulm editions of 1482 and 1486. By combining the Roman and Ulm editions Waldseemüller produced the maps of Ptolemy in the Strasburg edition of 1513, which was frequently copied. The modern map of the Northern countries, made by Claudius Clavus, which Nicolaus embodied in his second recension of Ptolemy, was perhaps the source of the Zeni map which had such far-reaching influence, and likewise of the maritime charts of the Canerio and Cantino type. The revised map of the Northern countries in the third recension of Nicolaus, which placed Greenland north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, was a powerful factor in cartography for a century, especially as Waldseemuller gave the preference to this representation in his world and wall map of 1507, 'the baptismal certificate of America'. Because of these and other services to geography and cartography, as for example, by the revision of Buondelmonte's 'Insularium', it would be desirable to have it established whether Nicolaus was really, as I conjecture, a Benedictine father of the Badia at Florence.
(FISCHER, Nicolaus Germanus in Entdeckungen der Normannen in Amerika (Freiburg, 1902), 75-90, 113 sqq. (Eng. tr., London, 1903), 72-86, 108 sqq.)

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