1562-1622.
Plancius was a theologian and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church who fled with many of his compatriots from religious persecution in Flanders to settle in Amsterdam in 1585. There he became interested in navigation and cartography and, being fortunate enough to have access to nautical charts recently brought from Portugal, he was soon recognized as an expert on the shipping routes to India. He was interested, too, in the idea of a North East passage until the failure of Willem Barentsz's third voyage in 1597 seemed to preclude the possibility of such a route. In 1602 he was appointed cartographer to the new Dutch East India Company.
Although Plancius produced no atlases his individual maps and charts, over 100 in all, exercised much influence on the work of other cartographers at the turn of the century. His very large wall map of the world dated 1592 was of particular significance.
PHIPPS, CONSTANTINE JOHN, BARON MULGRAVE.
1744-92. Född på Irland, död i Liège.
Engelsk sjöofficer. 16 år gammal gick han in i marinen och blev efter några år löjtnant och senare kapten. 1773 ledde han en expedition som skulle söka en nordlig sjöförbindelse till Indien. Expeditionen kom inte längre än till Svalbard där den tvingades vända på grund av packisen. Hans bok om denna resa, 'A voyage towards the North Pole' utkom 1774 och blev även översatt till andra språk. 1778 deltog Phipps i kriget mot Frankrike. Senare arbetade han med administration av den indiska handeln och plantagedriften. Sedan 1777 var han medlem av parlamentet.
Bland arbeten.
A voyage towards the North Pole.
Dict. nat. biogr.
1725-94.
Engelsk konsthandlare och kartförläggare. Han gav bl.a. ut 'Atlas Britanniquee' (1766), 'English Atlas' (1787) samt en atlas med 41 kartor tryckta under åren 1757-94. Förutom kartorna känner man till en rad koppartryck som har hans namn och adress men däremot inga som han själv utfört.
Sayer hade sin affär på No. 53 Fleet Street i London.
Bland arbeten.
Atlas Britanniquee.
English Atlas.
The Seven United Provinces, with Their Roads and Divisions.
Phillips. - Thieme-Becker.
Vägvisare för XI Olympiaden i Berlin - 1936
'Palaestina' - G. U. A. Vieth 1800.
PTOLEMAIOS, CLAUDIUS (Ptolemaeus / Ptolemy).
Biografiska uppgifter:Ca. 150 e. Kr.
Den äldre tidens mest berömda astronom, geograf och matematiker. Hans astronomiska teorier var ledande under 14 århundraden, och hans främsta verk, 'Syntaxis' eller 'Almagest', avlöstes inte förrän Newtons banbrytande forskning. Hans 'Geographia' dominerade hela den kristna och muhammedanska världen under 1500 år. Det var Ptolemaeus som införde begreppen längd- och breddgrader, det system som geografin sedan dess följt i alla tider. Efter uppfinningen av boktryckerikonsten kom hans främsta geografiska verk helt eller delvis ut i en rad utgåvor, som oftast kompletterades med senare forskningsresultat och nyare kartritningar. Till år 1700 hade 45 utgåvor på många olika språk utgivits. Sedan dess har ytterligare 7 utgåvor tillkommit, den senaste år 1883.
The 1482 edition of the Cosmographia, printed in Ulm, is one of the finest and most ambitious productions of the fifteenth century and the first printed atlas to include a corpus of “modern maps” as revised and supplemented by the important renaissance cartographer Dom Nicolaus Germanus. “The strictly classical world map goes no further than Thule, just to the north of Scotland, but the Ulm Ptolemy shows a rudimentary Scandinavia within an extension of the map’s top border…..No hint is given of the Portuguese exploration down the west coast of Africa nor of the existence of “modern” sea charts (portolani) showing the European and neighbouring coasts in great detail” (Shirley).
All fifteenth-century printed editions of Ptolemy were based on the work of Dom Nicolaus, a Benedictine monk from the diocese of Breslau, who prepared a series of magnificent vellum manuscript atlases in Florence in the 1460s and 1470s for various Italian dignitaries. The direct model for the Ulm edition was the manuscript atlas Dom Nicolaus made for presentation to Pope Paul II (d. 1471) which seems to have been carried from Rom to Ulm for that purpose and then never returned. It survives today at Schloss Wolfegg.
Bland arbeten:
World. Untitled map of the world. Ulm: Leinhart Holle, 1482 or later. Prepared by Donnus Nicolas Germanus and cut by Johannes “Schnitzer”.
This world map is from the first edition of Ptolemy to be printed north of the Alps, and the first to use woodcut maps. It is the earliest surviving printed map signed by its engraver, and the first in the Ptolemaic sequence to include Scandinavia and to allude to lands beyond the confines of Ptolemy’s world view.
(Salmonsen.- Tooley.) - Se bild.
